Prostate Cancer

WHAT IS PROSTATE CANCER?

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting older men in developed countries and a significant cause of death in elderly men. It is a form of cancer that develops in the prostate. Most prostate cancers are slow growing; however, there are cases of aggressive prostate cancers.

The specific cause of prostate cancer remains unknown. The primary risk factors are age and family history. Prostate cancer is very uncommon in men younger than 45, but becomes more common with advancing age.

SYMPTOMS OF PROSTATE CANCER

Early prostate cancer usually causes no symptoms. Prostate cancer in later stages does cause symptoms, often similar to those of diseases such as benign prostatic hypertrophy. These include frequent urination, nocturia (increased urination at night), difficulty starting and maintaining a steady stream of urine, hematuria (blood in the urine), and dysuria (painful urination). Prostate cancer is also associated with urinary dysfunction as the prostate gland surrounds the prostatic urethra. Changes within the gland, therefore, directly affect urinary function. Advanced prostate cancer can spread to other parts of the body, possibly causing additional symptoms. The most common symptom is bone pain.

DIAGNOSIS OF PROSTATE CANCER

The only test that can fully confirm the diagnosis of prostate cancer is a biopsy. However, prior to a biopsy, less invasive testing can be conducted such as a PSA exam.